Learning the Smell of Adventure – Kamden’s Blog: 06/19/2024

“Crispin, What is it? Amateur hour?” Everyone else’s land rovers were breakin down, but Crispin was a smooth criminal – no problem (Crispin is one of our drivers). Everyone else’s problem was the African massage – hated by many, loved by none, and feared by all. It follows you everywhere, into the savanna and through the towns, these bumpy “roads” that would turn buttermilk to butter. We drove through it all today toward the small hamlet (it was a village but I like that word) of Karatu and our lodge, both standing at the foot of the NgoroNgoro. And as I’ve said before, while driving through what might be considered the “country” I have become accustomed to a few sights. These of course include the selling of samosas and baked goods in glass covered by heated condensation, the huddles of aged men around homemade boards for playing checkers, and the sprawling fields of newly introduced corn.

We later arrived and settled into the lodge as well as our into our customary juice, were served dinner, and later prepared to enter the Endoro conservation area for a hike! There we met with rangers, one acting as our guide (Jakob? Jacob. I dont know), and the others as our security – carrying assault rifles and warning of lonely cape buffalo (they would see a tree stump and let us know “Good spot to hide”). After more introductions and of course the obligatory, additional warning about cape buffalo, we entered the trail intending to survey the elephant caves and experience the power of the Endoro waterfall. And immediately after turning onto the trailhead there were signs of life, retelling a story piece-meal of the the animals which had come through and the behaviors which they had exhibited. Here was a snapped acacia in search of sweet fruits, trees covered in mud from a recent wallow – sign of elephants. In another instance Jakob (Jacob? I don’t know) our guide stopped the convoy, lifted his nose to the air, and sniffed. “Do you smell that?” Yes I did! I thought it was adventure; however, you may be surprised that that was not the case. It was not adventure, no, instead it was the scent of a female leopard in heat, within 300m of us. I know you are wondering and so I will indulge you dear reader (My family and Ruby and Ruby’s parents) it smelt like corn tortillas (Apparently the same smell as adventure!).

We kept walking, we kept sniffing for corn tortillas, were warned of the threat of buffalo, and stopped occasionally at the sight of large white slugs and caravanning Safari ants among many other things.

But perhaps my favorite part was bounding a corner to see such a staggeringly large creature like an elephant (it was an elephant, several of them), on its knees, headfirst into the side of a dirt hill like it was having some cereal on a sunday morning – just eatin dirt. Another example might be your dog after it comes inside on a hot day and just goes crazy on the water bowl, that’s what it was doing. Of course its because the soil has a high number of nutrients, including precious salts and electrolytes such as potassium which they do not receive from their herbivory diet. And even the baby got in on the action, because yes, in fact, there was a baby elephant and yes, in fact, it was very cute. There it was, filling up the hole entirely and splayed out on its belly, later trying to drunkenly walk down the hill and falling flat more than once after such soil eatin inebriation. And now some abbreviated elephant facts for those at home: the babies hold onto the tails of their mothers, are unable to properly use their trunks until about the age of two, and elephants almost blindly follow the command of the “big mama” which is why they have dug this hole into the side of the hill. They just saw what the matriarch was doing and went for it!

And shortly after that experience which was genuinely so wonderful we came to the waterfall, watching as thousands and thousands of gallons slipped over the edge to be buried in the lush forests deep below. The mist would strike your face, the wind lifted leaf litter high above and away, and small birds swooped across the hazy air. There were bush banana plants with bigger leaves than the spans of many men, unidentified creatures and swollen nests of insects. White bodied slugs and signs of behavior, each carrying with it an unbelievable fact, a story, a myth, or a truth.

Being in a place like this reminds you of why it is such a pleasure to learn rather than to know, to experience rather than merely understand. I will certaintly remember much more about elephants after seeing them literally eat dirt, and I will more fondly think of leopards after smelling corn tortillas. In all, I feel that learning is more than just information but rather an experience. That is what makes it so much fun and entirely engaging, that is why Africa is such a wonderful place. Where else could I experience these things?

And unfortunately it seems we have had no luck with the primates as of yet. We expected to see vervet monkeys, blue ones and baboons, but did not see one. My guess is they were just foraging or living farther off trail, although we did find the presence of baboon scat – I have never been more excited to see poop in my life! They are near… very near… the smell of adventure wafts into my nostrils once more.

Pray for the tummies of the elephants, and lets hope we never see a lonely cape buffalo.

Godspeed,
Mr. Kamden

 

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Mr. Frog and the Luck of the Irish – Kamden’s Blog: 06/18/2024

“What’s the frog doin?” I thought I might add that quote from my buddy Milton because we had a little visitor in the shower of our semi-permanent tent. Mr. Frog himself seemed to be an esteemed gentleman, and therefore became our most welcome guest. Hopefully he enjoyed some time away from the busy work week (being a cute frog which definitely gets absolutely destroyed in Africa) as well as the amenities – including our shower. I’m going to be honest in saying that I have no idea how he got in, but at the very least I am glad he had the chance to hunt and kill any bugs or other critters which might give us trouble. Thank you Mr. Frog.

Most of my life I have been very unlucky, never winning the cake walk at the church bazar for example. However, it seems that perhaps my debt was saved so I could “splurge” during this trip, that maybe for once in my lfie St. patrick decided to smile upon me. its apparent because soon after departing from the lodge for our very first safari which was meant to span the entirety of the day we spotted our first creatures. “Creatures” being about the luckiest, most unexpected, and interesting of all possible – a large family group of elephants, crossing directly in front of us (exciitng to say the least). The babies clung to their mothers, the matriarch led the way with her notched tusks, and their trumpets and low groans filled the dust flecked, golden morning air as they went along.

That was lucky. Elephants so close, so loud, so numerous. In that moment I for the first time began to grasp the scale of the adventure I had gotten myself into – a very big one indeed (fittingly in light of the elephants) And perhaps it really was my Irish heritage blessing up the group as the rest of the day remained much the same (you are welcome). We saw many creatures – beautiful birds such as the lilac breasted roller or the yellow bellied spurfowl which dined upon flowers or flicked up into their mouths the abundance of invertebrates. We saw a Zebra with the marks of a predator scrawled scarlet on its back, lonely Cape buffalo and sausage trees.

The day was ended upon “sunset hill”, and I think you can imagine why we were there. The African sun, hot and high, steamed toward a watercolor of placid blues and yellows and purples and greens. It was beautiful. The wind whipped, the distant fauna crossed fields of glowing grass, and the group of us which stood there for the first time embraced the reality of the trip. It was an adventure, it was unfamiliar, and perhaps most exciting – it was only just beginning.

I hope I return to see Mr. Frog, and I pray to experience an evening as spectacular. Also as an obligatory sidnote, I have seen no primates as of yet which is important due to their being my taxa of expertise. They may be absent from this landscape merely because there is a lack of a more forested or densely wooded area with trees; however, I believe that while in the savanna it is very probable we will come across the more terrestrial olive baboons. Here’s to hoping that is the case. Regardless…

Godspeed,
Kamden and the cordially accepted Mr.Frog

 

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Isabella’s Blog: Course Review and Wrap Up (7/2/2024)

It was very surreal to see all of these animals existing in the wild. Previously I have only been able to see them in zoos, and from what I have observed, their normal habitat is much much bigger than zoo enclosures, ranging miles upon miles. Most travel in herds for protection and community, however it is also common to see lone males. I was surprised to see how used to humans and human activity these animals were. For example, when we were observing the lions eating the buffalo, the lions did not seem to care that there were so many cars surrounding their kill. Additionally, at the Ecoscience lodge, there were elephants that came right up to the edge of the tents, in search of food. The animals all have good hearing, so they definitely know of the human presence in the area, but they do not seem to mind, instead they are focused on the vegetation. They were not hostile to the cars at all, or to the people that were feet away from them, instead they got up and laid down in the shade underneath the cars! I did not personally see much interaction between the local people such as the Maasai and the local wildlife, but from my understanding they have a respect for each other.

There is great variation in ecosystems that we observed. We observed the open dry plains of the Savanna all the way to dense tropical rainforests of the crater. An example of how environment influences the animals is how the crater walls are so high that some of the species are isolated from others of their kinda outside of the crater walls. This can result in speciation if enough time passed and mutations occur. Additionally the different climates are better suited for other types of animals, for instance we saw a lot more baboons in the rain-forested areas as opposed to the open savanna grasslands, and vice versa for warthogs. Additionally some animals thrived near the rocky outcrops whereas the open flat lands were better for others. The paleoenvironment, especially in the Olduvai area, was better suited for mega fauna. It was also fairly open with active volcanoes nearby and sources of water. The environment is paramount in shaping ecological communities, because it is what allows vegetation and therefore animals flourish. Without water for instance, the plants will not survive easily and there is no food source for the animals. This forces the animals to find a new location or to die off. Human history has been shaped by the environment, because without the different pressure that influenced evolution, then humans would not be who we are today. For example, the evolution of become bipedal in part resulted from a more open environment. And we can see that by understanding how the past environment changed from more forested to more open plains. Understanding how the environment used to be and how it changed can give us more information and insight into what forces influenced the adaptations and evolution we have today.

This lab course has been an amazing experience which I will sure talk and reminisce about for years to come. I did not really have any expectations from this course, as I have never done anything like it before, but it really blew any expectations I could have had out of the water. It was more interesting and amazing than I could have imagined (and I’m not just saying this because I want a good grade). Everything was really amazing, so it is hard to come up with only one favorite thing. If I had to choose one thing from each part of the course, it would be that 1. I was able to see and be meters away from all the East African Fauna (especially the hippos) and 2. I was able to help excavate at a live dig site in Olduvai Gorge with an over a million year old stone tool. I didn’t really have a least favorite part, but the first night in Olduvai when I got sick was not a highlight of mine.

Three things that I have learned:

  1. Hippos secret something called blood sweat. It is not actually blood or sweat, but it is called so because hippos secret this oily substance that acts as a sunscreen, antiseptic, and moisturizer and it turns red as it oxidizes on the hippo’s skin.
  2. The hominid footprints discovered at Olduvai are not actually footprints of a female and a male, instead it is a set of footprints next to a set of three overlapped footprints.
  3. There is higher competition between animals in an open environment as opposed to more covered environment. Therefore the bones in an open environment will typically be more broken and consumed due to the bigger need to make use of all available resources.

Overall, this course has been of my favorite classes I have taken. It has made me happy that I have selected my major is Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and even more invigorated to pursue my degree. This course has really pushed me to be knowledgeable in ecology and anthropology, showed me that my travel abilities are much vaster than I previously thought, and has given me so many opportunities. Opportunities like being able to camp in Africa for a week, to be face to face with an elephant herd (multiple times), to try different cuisine/culture/ and ways of life, to see professionals in their field, and the list goes on and on. Thank you so much Dr. Solomon and Dr. Manuel for putting together such an amazing course, and I am so grateful I was able to take this course in my time here at Rice.

Editor’s note: Every blog should now have photos and captions beneath the photos if you are interested in re-visiting past blog entries!

Thank you to everyone who has followed me along my trip on this blog! (Also a special shoutout to my grandparents, thanks for reading my blogs!)

Isabella-2024-Bovini

(me with hippo teeth)

The group: (from left to right)

(Top row) McKenna, Anna, Milton, Kamden, Enoch

(Bottom row) Dr. Solomon, Dr. Manuel, Marlo, Carina, Kacey, me, Rose, Caroline, Alex, Vivian

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Rose’s Blog–Looking Back (and Forward)

The drive from the Rice campus back to my apartment, though short, was a swift jolt back into my daily life. As soon as I sat down in my car, the entire trip seemed like a dream. But what anchors all of the amazing experiences that I had on this trip are the lessons that I learned. 

This class helped me to realize one of the goals that almost everyone writes in their college admissions essay and almost no one considers once matriculated–becoming a citizen of the world. To be honest, I considered this more of a catchy fluff phrase than a true sentiment before this trip. But as we interacted with the animals, environment, residents, and researchers in Tanzania, I began to understand it. 

The African savanna biome as we know it cannot exist without the charismatic megafauna that make it so iconic. It cannot exist without the local people–pastoralists and farmers. It could not exist as it does in the present without an extensive history of evolution, adaptation, and climate and planetary changes. It is understanding the interrelation of all these aspects of the African savanna biome that I believe helped me to become a global citizen. 

Going to Tarangire, Ngorongoro Crater, and Serengeti imparted me with a reverence for protected, unbroken natural areas. Not only seeing fauna, but also witnessing fauna interact–from flamingo matings to a lion eating a freshly killed Cape buffalo–helped me visualize worlds beyond the urbanized one that I am so familiar with.

Visiting lake Obalbal and conducting scat transects around an abandoned boma showed me how untrue a myth of “pure” nature is, and gave me a new model for a productive coexistence between humans and animals. It allowed me to see an environment shaped both by humans and by animals, and to blur the divide between them. 

Surveying and excavating in Olduvai Gorge provided context for everything that we had seen. Even when we didn’t directly witness geology or climate impacting wildlife in the field, we were able to look into paleoenvironments and see how long trends of environmental change, like aridification, transformed habitats and the species present in them.

All of these experiences developed my understanding of how the environment influences ecological communities–population fluctuations, migrations, evolutionary adaptations, etc.–but also of how ecological communities influence the environment. Animals like elephants promote turnover of long-lived flora like trees and help seeds germinate in their digestive tract, while browsers like giraffes, duikers, and kudu maintain grassland and prevent woodland takeover. Grazers, too, play a role in creating grazing pastures and preventing fires. Animals in the savanna have adapted to their environments, but they also adapt their environments.

One of my greatest ecological and paleoanthropological takeaways from this course is a lessened sense of division between humans and other animals. Learning about and witnessing evidence of hominid evolution in Olduvai Gorge reinforced my understanding of humans as part of our environment, rather than separate from it. The reality of humanity now is that we are quite separated from our origins, but learning about hominids evolving, acting as both predator and prey, participating in food webs and participating in ecological systems as more than apex destructors was eye-opening for me.

The course itself was a mixture of expected and unexpected, though completely novel. I wasn’t anticipating the relative luxury of our first few days, nor was I expecting the extremely fast-pace. The second half of the course was more in line with what I expected lifestyle-wise, but I had no way of knowing what awaited me content-wise. Overall, the course was grueling, but in a good way? It was no easy feat to keep up, but every day was incredibly rewarding. Despite sleep deprivation, occasionally unideal travel conditions, dust burials, and more, I learned an unbelievable amount about myself as a student and person. It’s easy to be engaged and ready to learn when your classroom is the Serengeti or Olduvai Gorge, and your professors are Dr. Solomon and Dr. Dominguez Rodrigo 🙂

It’s difficult to pick, but my favorite parts of the trip included seeing a wildebeest for the first time, driving up the rim of Ngorongoro crater, watching the sunrise and sunset every day, collecting bones and teeth, and looking through the entertaining/horrific/educational trail camera photos (also the people and places and literally everything). Despite the numerous setbacks we encountered (see also: cars breaking down, flat tires, 12 hour flights, maybe bribing a government official), experiencing them with my fellow classmates and professors made them more amusing than devastating. So, I’m left with only a few least favorites about the course: the freezing cold Olduvai camp showers, perpetually missing 6:30 am breakfasts, not packing more than one pair of warm layers, remembering to take malaria pills, and unrelenting illness.

And, finally, a list of my three most important course takeaways (in no particular order):

  1. Don’t pet the animals.
    1. sub-takeaway–never approach a giraffe attempting to be licked. They will kick you. Bring giraffe treats next time, and wait for them to come to you.
  2. As creepy as teeth are, they can tell you an incredible amount about their owners and the environment that they lived in.
  3. Humans have not only the potential to have, but also a history of having, a positive, productive relationship with the rest of the natural world.

LOL (lots of love),

 

Rose

 

goodbye all! i’ll miss you!!

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Anna’s Blog: Course Reflection (7/2)

Hello World,

Writing my final blog post, I sit in Houston reflecting on my time in Tanzania. The iconic mega fauna were just that. Seeing them in the wild was otherworldly. Many of the herbivores such as zebras, wildebeest, impala, gazelles, and even ostriches herded together in large communities for protection. The idea is that there are many eyes to keep a lookout for the group. Something that surprised me was that many of the mega fauna blended into the landscape extraordinarily well. Despite having spots, stripes or being massive in size, giraffes, zebras and elephants can disappear fast. We saw that giraffes are mainly found in heavily wooded areas with acacia trees, so when they’re still their skinny legs resemble trees. Another magical animal we experienced was the elephant. The elephants are also found in closed ecosystems with lots of small trees and bushes. Due to elephants having wide foot pads they walk quietly, and can wander away without you noticing.

The coexistence of such animals with humans was an interesting sight. The most prevalent event I can think of is that of giraffes and the local Maasai. On the drive to Olduvai Gorge down the Ngorongoro crater wall, there was a large herd of giraffes browsing amongst the acacia trees as Maasai herders were walking their cattle through the area. The interaction was peaceful. The giraffes nor the Maasai seems to be threatened or bothered by one another. Many interactions between humans and mega fauna are unfortunately not so positive, but I did not witness negative interactions on this trip.

A very specific observation I made concerning the effects of environmental conditions on wildlife involves a stick bug. While driving through a densely wooded area near Tarangire National Park, the car brushed against an acacia tree, and a green stick bug fell into the car. The stick bug spent the rest of the day with us. On the flip side, while eating dinner in Olduvai Gorge there was a brown stick bug on the picnic table. Based on the type of vegetation in the area due to precipitation, certain animals are more fit for a particular environment than others. The brown stick bug had better camouflage in the arid region of Olduvai versus the green stick bug that blended into the brush of the game reserve.

While reconstructing paleoenvironments with Dr. Manuel in Olduvai Gorge, it was clear to see how important the environmental conditions are when shaping the ecological community present. Current communities of organisms can give us insight into the communities of the past. For instance, we known that open (treeless) environments are conducive to high levels of competitive predation based on present observations. While looking at 1.5 million year old long bones, most of the breaks on the bones were due to carnivores which indicates an environment that was open. In addition to the openness of the environment, we can tell whether there was water in the area based on the fossils left behind. Some current animals that are water dependent are elephants, waterbuck, and reedbuck. If fossilized water-dependent fauna are found in an area like the one we were excavating then there must have been a water source present nearby.

Human evolution was largely dependent on the changing African savanna ecosystem. The increasing aridity led to the development of grasslands which pushed the transition between tree-dwelling apes and bipedal apes. In addition, open grasslands are thought to have led to cooperation between early humans for food in the form of hunting. Understanding how the past savanna environment has changed overtime can help us better understand our origins as a species by informing us of the selection pressures at the time. By having a grasp on the environments past humans were grappling with, the appearance of current traits within the human population begin to make sense.

To sum up my thoughts of the class is a big task, but I will start with my expectations versus reality. I was expecting to have some challenges with the archeology portion of the class as that is not my field of study, but I ended up enjoying the change of pace halfway through the class. The methods being used during the teeth surveys were hard to wrap my head around, but overall it was intriguing. I hoped to gain confidence in the research methods being employed during the trip which I would say was a success. Reading about these research methods in books does not compare to the learning of hands-on experiences. My last hope for the trip was that I would find a love for East Africa and gain new friends. To that I say double check! My favorite parts of the course were seeing the mega fauna, waking and setting with the sun, the diversity of accommodations, and the new friendships I have made. My least favorite parts of the course include the exhaustion that came with new environments and long travel days, cold showers, endless sand in all the crevices, logistics concerning uploading blog posts, and car troubles due to rough roads. These “least favorite” parts of the course added character.

I will end this blog with 3 things I learned during the course that I will carry with me. First, if confronted by a cape buffalo lay face-down on the ground and hope for the best. Second, elephants have to source salt deposits (such as the elephant caves) to supplement the lack of sodium in their diets. Lastly, local community involvement and education in conservation efforts will ensure the presence of East African savannas for generations to come.

Thank you for tuning in!

Signing off,

Anna Evans

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Anna’s Blog: Travel Day(s) Back to USA (6/28-6/30)

Hello World,

Today’s entry is all about the journey back to the States. The two days of travel have begun. As I write this, I am sitting on a Turkish Airlines flight across the Atlantic Ocean. This flight is the final leg of the return trip, but it’s a 13 hour long haul.

The travel day(s) started at 5:30am on Friday (6/28) to pack up my gear and eat breakfast.  The group of 14 was surprisingly on time getting out of Olduvai Gorge. Our final destination (for the night) was Nairobi, Kenya, but in order to get their we had to take the Land Cruisers to Arusha, Tanzania in order to move into a bus that would take us to the Namanga border crossing and into Kenya. Despite our efforts in the morning, the car broke down an hour into the trip. One thing I have learned in Africa is to expect the unexpected (especially car problems). Every few miles the driver had to manually pump diesel into the engine because the fuel pump was broken. As we neared the Ngorongoro Crater walls, the fear was that the car would not make it up the steep incline. The drive up the walls was literally a reenactment of the Little Engine That Could LOL. I don’t think the car made it out of first gear for 2 hours of the drive.

The part was never able to be fixed, so we lived on hopes and dreams that we would make it to Arusha. By the grace of God, we made it to the bus (2 hours behind schedule). From there on out it was a 6 hour packed bus ride to Nairobi.

The border crossing was much faster at 6pm that at 12pm during the beginning of the trip. After battling the Maasai that were selling jewelry at the border, we had 4 additional hours onto the hotel in Nairobi. We ended up arriving at the hotel around 9:30pm. This 8 hour drive ended up taking us 14 hours, so to say I was pooped was an understatement.

After gathering 2 hours of sleep, we left for the Airport to make a flight that would take us 7 hours onto Istanbul, Turkey. We had a full day layover in Istanbul which ended up being a blessing. We landed in the afternoon and got to spend the evening exploring the old town. We spent time at the Grand Bazaar, Blue Mosque and the Hague de Sophia. Even just walking along some of the cobble streets blew my mind. Most of the infrastructure we were seeing was much older that the United States itself. I took a particular liking to the Turkish coffee and Ottoman ice cream. I can see why Europeans walk so much! Gotta work off all the good food. The little taste of Istanbul I received is already making me want more!

Thank you for tuning in!

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Anna’s Blog: Final Day in Olduvai (6/27)

Hello World,

On this final day in Olduvai Gorge we did a mixture of things. We started the day by collecting some fossilized long bones in a gully of the gorge. The goal of collecting the long bones was to determine if breakage was done after or before fossilization. If the break happened before fossilization then we wanted to determine whether the breakage was caused by carnivores or humans.

We found that most of the bones were broken by carnivores. Carnivores leave evidence of chewing at the ends of long bones which are the fattiest parts. The number of bones impacted by carnivores points towards a highly competitive environment. Open environments are the most competitive, so the long bone evidence indicates an open environment 1.5 million years ago in the gully we were surveying.

We ended the exciting last day by going on a sunset walk. 6 of us took a road past the camp on foot in efforts of seeing the sunset without any obstructions. After treading through sand and sharp acacia bushes we finally saw the sun set beneath the gorge. It was a beautiful end to the trip with the sound of livestock bells in the distance.

Thank you for tuning in!

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Anna’s Blog: Bone Survey (6/26)

Hello World,

I felt like a true scientist today! Along with 3 other students, a graduate student, and Dr. Charles, we ventured out beyond the Olduvai research camp by 20 minutes around Shifting Sands to get to a watering hole. Dr. Charles and his graduate student have been collecting data at two sites in this area for about 10 years as a part of a long term study. The study is looking at the density of bones left behind every year in relation to natural magnets such as trees and water. The patterns of bones could give them insight into ancient savanna ecosystems which involve our human ancestors.

We went out with a surveying tripod and some orange flags to map out 8 small (50ft x 30ft) blocks. In order to do this we had a rod with a glass prism at the top that sent a laser back to the main tripod. The tripod was then able to map out the plots in the data base and confirm that we had laid the plots in the right place. The 6 of us lined up shoulder to shoulder and spread out two arm links apart from one another. We then began to sweep that area for any kind of bone. Each time we found a bone we put an orange flag by it.

After flagging all of the bones across 8 blocks, we went back to bag them up and put them into the online database. In the tripod’s system, they can mark the exact coordinates of each bone, the orientation of the bone and the specimen number. The orientation of the bone is cool to know because you can tell if the bone has been moved based on which side of the bone is more weathered versus which side is facing up. We collected about 30 bones over the 8 blocks.

Thank you for tuning in!

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Alex’s Blog: Post-Course Blues (7/2)

Two days post-Africa and I am deep in the grips of jet lag. Today, I returned to my lab position and nearly fell asleep at the bench. Despite my sleepiness, I can’t stop reminiscing on my time in Tanzania.

Throughout the course, we had the opportunity to explore first-hand the behaviors of various wildlife. I observed animals coexisting peacefully even when they weren’t related, even with locals, and even in the presence of some predators. The most common coexistence I noticed was that between herbivores – hippos and flamingoes sharing a pond; wildebeest and gazelles feeding upon the same field; giraffes and zebras existing aside the same trees. This suggested to me low-levels of competition among herbivores. Perhaps when grasses are abundant, these species share their common resources.

I was impressed with the coexistence of people and surrounding wildlife. Maasai knew how to protect themselves against large predators and were even hired at Olduvai to protect against such animals; on our hike, the elephants feeding upon the salt-rich rock were unfazed by our presence; I learned that unless threatened, hippos will unlikely attack humans; and the lions feeding upon their fresh kill were uninterested in the warm-blooded humans surrounding them. Throughout the trip, these observations led me to understand animal behaviors as somewhat predictable – if humans don’t interfere with the established behaviors of a species, they probably won’t have reason to act unpredictably.

I also learned so much about the influence of the natural environment on wildlife. Different biomes – canopied forests, open grasslands, dry savannahs, etc. – draw in different species; this was the basis of our habitat reconstruction. With our knowledge of various species’ habitat preferences, we can work backwards to relate species’ presence with a plausible paleo-habitat.

Based on my observations in East Africa, vegetation density seemed to have the most obvious impact on ecological communities. Grass height and the presence of trees determined what kind of animals could thrive in each environment. For example, of the large felids present in Africa, only leopards prefer living in tree-covered environments. As such, lions and cheetahs are not common in these environments, and predator competition is decreased. This allows grazers and browsers to prosper in such areas. East African geography – particularly the drastic uplift – also shape communities by determining what kinds of plants can grow. The volcanic soils and high altitudes of the Ngorongoro Conservation Area allow for the successful growth of vegetation, bringing in grazers, browsers, and subsequently, predators.

Human history is dependent on these factors, as well. Not only did these environmental factors influence what species early hominids dealt with, but also what traits were advantageous in hominids throughout time. For example, bipedalism in early hominids arose because of regionally dwindling tree cover throughout the region’s past. Ultimately, understanding how a paleo landscape changed over time can enable us to understand the environmental pressures which influenced the evolution of a species, including ourselves.

This entire course was a once-in-a-lifetime experience. I am so grateful for the opportunity to have traveled with such an intelligent and fun group of people, and to have learned from such an impressive team of scientists. Although the course went exactly as written in the syllabus, I could have never expected it would be so amazing. My favorite part of the trip was getting to participate in the excavations at Olduvai Gorge. I just could not believe I was digging up the remains of our 1.4-million-year-old ancestors. I still can’t believe it, honestly. My least favorite part may have been the lack of sleep, but I would stay awake for ten more days to do it all again.

I learned so much throughout the entire experience. Firstly, understanding how to identify all the different species – particularly all the different antillopini – was so fascinating. I felt like a true ecologist whenever I could confidently identify an animal in the field. Second, using so many different ecology research methods, such as the Total Station, quadrants, transects, and game trap cameras, gave me a much better understanding of what field work looks like in this discipline. Lastly, although I still have aways to go, I loved learning about all the information you can draw from a single fossil. The fact that I can look at a scratch on a bone and know what happened to it millions of years ago is incomprehensible, and I cannot believe it’s a skill I possess.

Genuinely, thank you so much to everyone who put this trip together, especially Dr. Solomon and Dr. Dominguez Rodrigo. It was amazing!!

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Anna’s Blog: Poop Transect and Shifting Sands (6/25)

Hello World,

The group began the morning by heading out to a dried up watering hole (it is the dry season here) that was about 30 minutes from camp. We split up into groups of 3, and attempted a small scale study of poop density in relation to the watering hole. Every group ended up seeing different patterns due to tree density and past boma settlements. Boma settlements are circular communities built by the nomadic Maasai pastoralists. Overall the morning was filled with lots of poop LOL.

From the watering hole, Shifting Sands was the next stop on our list. It was actually a really cool spot. Essentially, Shifting Sands is a single sand dune in the middle of the dry savannah that moves about 30 feet every year. I decided to add in some fun by testing out sand sledding. The catch was I had no sled, so I was the sled. Turns out running and then jumping feet first does not get you very far and buries you in about a foot of sand. The most success I had was full sending it face first on my stomach down the sand dune. To be honest, it was more of a roll than a slide, but I ended up at the bottom of the dune so it was a roundabout success.

As I sit here, wrapping up today’s blog, I am sitting on a platform at the Olduvai Gorge museum watching the sun go down. There are many swallows flying around in cool formations around us. The shear noise of the swallows is amazing with their high pitched chirps as they dart around. In Olduvai we rise with the sun and set with the sun, so see you in the next blog!

Thank you for tuning in!

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